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Here are some more examples of these common words. According to Sir Wallis Budge, author of "Egyptian Language", "sa" is an Egyptian word for son, and also sacred. The word "sa" in Samoan is used similarly - sacred or restricted, and as a prefix to denotes lineage. To refer to the Fiatoa family, in Samoa we would say the Safiatoa. Emphasis on "Sa" and last letter "a" of the name. What's the chance of this happening in cultures half a world apart without contact?
9. Gata (pronounce: ngata) The Samoan word for snake (gata) suggests a very interesting thing to me. This word, and its various derivations, reveals a commonality between very diverse cultures and lands. Firstly, the Sanskrit word "nag" is an origin of the word "naga" common in Buddhist writings that refers to snakes or snake-like things. This word for snake is also found in varous other parts of the world including the Middle East and the Americas. The following list suggests that the Javanese word for dragon (ulanaga) is a compound word derived from two eastern words, red (ula) and snake (ngata). The reverse would be an unlikely case. I am not a language expert, but I think that complex (or compound) words are formed from root words and not the other way around.
"The ancient Hebrew word for "Serpent" is "Nachash" (which according to Strong's Comprehensive and other Biblical concordances contained in itself the meanings: Reptile, Enchantment, Hissing, Whisper, Diligently Observe, Learn by Experience, Incantation, Snake, etc. all of which may be descriptive of the serpent-sauroid race which we have been referring to). The original "Nachash" was not actually a "snake" as most people believe, but actually an extremely intelligent, cunning creature possessed with the ability to speak and reason. It also stood upright as we've said, as did many of it's descendants, the small "saurian" predators which ambled about on two legs." (from "The Cult of the Serpent" file, edited by Branton) [http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r073101a.html] 10. Parallels and Synonyms I wanted to include in this manuscript, for comparison, a collection of words from the languages of Native Americans and Samoan. I wanted to list those words that seemed similar in both the spelling and meaning. The result of that search is listed as Appendix B. My only source for these references was the public library, and so therefore this list is far from comprehensive. However, for the languages that I was fortunate enough to find books for in the library, I was able to compile the word list. Most of these like words are found in the languages of South and Central America - Inca, Maya, and Zapotec. But, interestingly, I also found a lot of like words (listed below) in the Lakota language from the Great Planes of North America.
Besides the Lakota language, there were few other languages that satisfied by search amongst the many peoples living in North America. If these like words had a common root, how did they travel between the Great Planes of North America and the Middle Pacific? Did people who spoke those words moved down from the Great Planes of North America to Central America, down to South America, and into the middle Pacific? Or, did people traveled the same route but in the opposite direction? Better yet, is there a possibility that people dispersed outward from a point in South America? From that dispersal, these people took familiar stories into both North America and Polynesia. For examples are the stories of how Native Americans acquired corn and how Polynesians acquired the coconut. These two stories are identical. In both stories a person was killed and their body (or body part) was buried, which the corn, or coconut, grew from. The root idea may have nothing to do with corn or coconut - a root idea that is most likely found in the human sacrifices of Central and South America. I extended by search for common words between the Samoan language and regions beyond the Americas and Southeast Asia. Might there be like words between the Samoan language and Egyptian? Yes. Interestingly, they are mostly words relating to kingship and religion. Here are some words from the word list (Appendix B) that are related, I think, to the word "ulu" (head).
If there were movements of people into the middle Pacific from outside, the words that would most likely survived would be related to rulers and gods. You can see this from the words I compiled (Appendix B). The labels ME1 (Egyptian) and ME2 (Hebrew) are for reference. If these words are not coincidental, how did they travel? They might have traveled eastward from the Middle East to the mid-Pacific through Southeast Asia, or they might have traveled westward from the Middle East to the Americas, and then to Polynesia. This is where a little expert advice would come in handy. I do not know if there is a way to determine a word pedigree based on these common words. Maybe a migration route can be determined from these common words. I am not a linguist, unfortunately, and all I can show are these words. I read something about a Dr. Russell Gray mapping the Polynesian and Mesoamerican languages using a very ingenious method of computer modeling similar to what biologists use in genes studies. It'll be interesting to know what results his team come up with. The next step for me was to see if those words that are common between Egypt and Samoa resemble words in Southeast Asia and the Americas. Although my word list is limited, I do see a lot more words in the American languages that satisfy this requirement compare to languages of Southeast Asia. That fact, indirectly, indicates for me that the movement westward from the Middle East, to the Americas, and then into the middle Pacific is the most probable route of these words. What about other languages in continental Africa? Africa is such a huge continent with many dialects that I decided to make a comparison to just a few languages. Again, my source was the public library. The few African languages that I sampled contained word spelled similar to Samoan words, however, the meanings were different. It is possible that there might be some similarities, but so far I have not found it. It is possible that because of Egyptian influences in Africa proper; there might be words in other communities of Africa that are similar to Samoan words. 15. Probable Samoan direction names "I would hypothesize that Tojil was linked to the year-bearer Quej (Deer) through Junajpu the hunter, and Awilix to Ik' (Wind, and Sickness). The other two year-bearers would be more difficult to identify, though Noj (Strong, Resin, Weather) would seem to correlate best with Jakawitz, and E (Tooth) with Nic'aj Tak'aj, through that day's association with maize. These identifications would associate the four gods with major cycles of time; the time cycles, in turn, would receive directional associations: Quej with the east, Ik' with the west, Noj with the south, and E with the north." ("The Quiche Mayas of Utatlan", Robert Carmack, 1934, p.204) The following list is what I suspect as possible old Polynesian names for the four directions before they settled into their new home, and before their language changed.
19. Samoan and Hebrew word comparison Could there be some Samoan words having common roots with Hebrew words? The following list contains some Hebrew and Samoan words that exhibit similarities. Statistically, it may be possible to produce such a list without these words having anything to do with each others, but it is an interesting likeness nevertheless. I have compiled a larger list of words (appendix B) from the Middle East, Americas, Polynesia, and Southeast Asia for comparison.
22. Samoan and Formosian word comparison Because there is a strong opinion that Polynesians originated from Taiwan (formally Formosa), I decided to create a list of aboriginal Taiwanese words I can find and compare them to Samoan and languages from the Americas.
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Notes:
1. (a) The article entitled "Transpacific Contacts: The Mapuche Connection" written by Jose Miguel Ramerez, archaeologist with the Rapa Nui National Park, suggested the possibility of Polynesians migrating into South America. There is, as I see it, a definite mixing of cultures around the world - the Pacific region is no exception. "Transpacific Contacts: The Mapuche Connection", Ramerez, Jose Miguel. 1990/91. from Rapa Nui Journal Vol. 4 No 4: 53-55, http://www.pvs.hawaii.org/rapanui/mapuche.html.
(b) (2007) Recent scientific findings involving chicken bone (alive 600 or 700 years ago) is making it more convincing that America-Polynesia contacts were made and traversing the huge ocean distances was well within the abilities of early mariners. This study will appear in proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Its lead author is New Zealand anthropologist Alice Storey.
2. Notes provided by Paul Marsh, "Polynesian Pathways by Peter Marsh", http://users.on.net/~mkfenn
3. Dr. Rebecca Cann: "Why is the B-lineage clade, a clade most common on the western coast of the Americas, not found in Beringia? Why does the B-lineage clade have lower sequence diversity and a different mismatch distribution than do the major A, C, and D clades (as well as others recently documented by T. Shurr and colleagues) in Amerindians? Why are other lineages, not just in the B group, found in Pacific and Amerindian population? Finally, how do we account for the prehistoric distribution of the sweet potato in Oceania (Yen 1974)?" [R.L Cunn and J.K. Lum, "Mitochondrial Myopia: Reply to Bonatto et al." (letter to the editor), American Journal Human Genetics, p. 258, 1996]
4. Christopher Austin, an evolutionary biologist from the South Australian Museum in Adelaide, has studied the mitochondrial DNA of the Lipinia noctua lizard, which lives alongside humans on Pacific islands ranging from Hawaii in the northeast to Easter and Pitcairn island in the southeast, and he says that his analysis supports the fast hypothesis - humans and lizards caught the "Polynesian express train".
5. "Dr. Beauchamp once wrote: 'The Onandagas have not move over twenty miles in two hundred and fifty years, yet how much their tongue has changed in half that time! A migration to new and distant homes would have produced many new words, and then the language would have remained much the same for a time, waiting for other disturbing causes.' Clearly if any conditions could favor linquistic change it would be the complete isolation of an initially small band of people in an extensive and entirely new environment." (Brigham D. Madsen, "Studies of the Book of Mormon", University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1985, pp.41-42)
6. Modern Samoan words consist of "Samoanized" words such as "atomika" for atomic, and "Samoan descriptive" words such as "va'alele" (literally means flying boat) for airplane.
7. American Indicans in the Pacific, Thor Heyerdahl, 1952, P.429; "According to Hillebrand (1888,p.314) it seems that Seemann was first to record that sweet-potato was known as Cumar (Kumar) in Quechua-dialect of Eduador, whereas it was known in Polynesia as Kumara, with sundry dialectical variations. Seemann (1865-73, p.170) wrote himself that he found 'Cumar' in the Eduadorian highlands, an observation which he considered 'perhaps pointing to the country whence the South Sea Islanders originally obtained this esculent.'"
8. Ibid., p.133; "The only mean of boiling that was known in aboriginal Polynesia was dropping red-hot stones into water contained in a wooden tray or basket. This method was occasionally used for boiling arrow-root and similar plant products. (Ellis 1829, Vol I, p.49.) Referring to this rather unusual custom, Allen (1884) says: "Tylor also mentions, in his work on 'Primitive Culture', that the boilers (by heated stones placed in breakable baskets) inhabit the norhern half of North America, extending far down on the western side; but not further than New England on the Eastern. This singular method of cooking is only known to exist in the northern corner of Asia, but is universal throughout Polynesia."
9. "The Lapita Peoples, Ancestors of the Oceanic World", Patrick Vinton Kirch, Blackwell Publishers, 1997. "The Island Melanesians", Matthew Spriggs, Blackwell Publishers, 1997
10. Steve Olson, Mapping Human History, Discovering the Past Through Our Genes, p.199: "Several sites in North and South America now strongly suggest that people were in the New World well before the appearance of Clovis points [14,000 years ago]. Near Charleston, South Carolina, ... Meadow craft rock shelter in western Pennsylvania,...near Richmond, Virginia,...and the strongest pre-Clovis evidence comes from a site known as Monteverde in south-central Chile."
11. "Landscape and Power in Ancient Mesoamerica", Rex Koontz, Kathryn Reese-Taylor and Annbeth Headrick, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 2001; "Merging Myth and Politics: The Three Temple Complex at Teotihuacan", Annabeth Headrick, p. 188
12. Candi Sukuh
http://asiaforvisitors.com/indonesia/java/central/solo/sukah/index.html
© copyright 2003 Pen Fiatoa
imanua@ yahoo.com
Last Updated: February 1, 2010